All pathways
NAD⁺ & Sirtuins
PARP1/2
DNA-damage sensors that repair strand breaks by consuming large amounts of NAD⁺.
Role in aging
When DNA damage accumulates, PARP1/2 activation burns through the NAD⁺ pool to drive repair — competing with sirtuins for the same fuel. This is why genomic instability and NAD⁺ decline reinforce each other with age.